Effective Instruction Scheduling With Limited Registers

Effective global instruction scheduling techniques have become an important component in modern compilers for exposing more instruction-level parallelism (ILP) and exploiting the everincreasing number of parallel function units. Effective register allocation has long been an essential component of a good compiler for reducing memory references. While instruction scheduling and register allocation are both essential compiler optimizations for fully exploiting the capability of modern high-performance microprocessors, there is a phase-ordering problem when we perform these two optimizations separately: instruction scheduling before register allocation may create insatiable demands for registers; register allocation before instruction scheduling may reduce the amount of parallelism that instruction scheduling can exploit. In this thesis, we propose to solve this phase-ordering problem by inserting a moderating optimization called code reorganization between prepass instruction scheduling and register allocation. Code reorganization adjusts the prepass scheduling results to make them demand fewer registers (i.e. exhibit lower register pressure) and guides register allocation to insert spill code that has less impact on schedule length. Our new approach avoids the complexity of simultaneous instruction scheduling and register allocation algorithms. In fact, it does not modify either instruction scheduling or register allocation algorithms. Therefore instruction scheduling can focus on maximizing instruction-level parallelism, and register allocation can focus on minimizing the cost of spill code. We compare the performance of our approach with a particular successful register-pressure-sensitive scheduling algorithm, and show an average of 18% improvement in speedup for an 8-issue machine model with 32 integer registers. Moreover, we show that our approach is effective and feasible for the aggressive all-path scheduling approach that is otherwise difficult to make register-pressuresensitive.